Frontier's modexp precompile is slow for even modulus

Not analysed yet

We haven’t published our analysis of this Advisory yet. Once a person has reviewed it, this page will say what’s vulnerable, what has to be true for your app to be affected, and how to check.

Severity and exploitation

• CISA KEV Not listed.
• EPSS 0.0087, the 59th percentile, on 5 Nov 2026: FIRST’s estimate of the chance of exploitation in the next 30 days.

Timeline

1. 31 Oct 2026, 15:20 UTC First seen by agentprime
2. 31 Oct 2026, 15:20 UTC Confirmed by OSV

Sources

• GitHub Advisory Database: GHSA-fcmm-54jp-7vf6
• OSV: GHSA-fcmm-54jp-7vf6
• github.com/paritytech/frontier/security/advisories/GHSA-fcmm-54jp-7vf6
• nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-28431
• github.com/paritytech/frontier/pull/1017
• github.com/paritytech/frontier/commit/5af12e94d7dfc8a0208a290643a800f55de7b219
• github.com/polkadot-evm/frontier
• github.com/rust-num/num-bigint/blob/6f2b8e0fc218dbd0f49bebb8db2d1a771fe6bafa/src/biguint/power.rs#L134

Facts on this page come from the GitHub Advisory Database (CC-BY 4.0), OSV and the other sources listed, as published. We don’t reproduce full advisory descriptions, which can contain exploit code.